Uthintelo loMhlaza weMiphunga

Ngomhla wokubhiyozela uSuku lweHlabathi loMhlaza weMiphunga (nge-1 ka-Agasti), makhe sijonge indlela yokuthintela umhlaza wemiphunga.

Ukuphepha izinto ezinobungozi kunye nokwandisa izinto zokukhusela kunokunceda ekuthinteleni umhlaza wemiphunga.

Ukuphepha izinto ezinobungozi bomhlaza kunokunceda ukuthintela ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Izinto ezinobungozi ziquka ukutshaya, ukutyeba kakhulu, kunye nokungazilolongi ngokwaneleyo. Izinto ezikhuselayo ezinjengokuyeka ukutshaya nokuzilolonga zinokunceda ukuthintela ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Thetha nogqirha wakho okanye omnye uchwepheshe wezempilo malunga nendlela onokunciphisa ngayo umngcipheko wakho womhlaza.

Ezi zilandelayo zizinto ezibangela umhlaza wemiphunga:

1. Ukutshaya icuba, icuba, kunye nepayipi

Ukutshaya icuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebangela umhlaza wemiphunga. Ukutshaya icuba, icuba, kunye nepayipi konke kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga. Ukutshaya icuba kubangela malunga ne-9 kwi-10 lamatyala omhlaza wemiphunga kumadoda kunye ne-8 kwi-10 lamatyala omhlaza wemiphunga kubasetyhini.

Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukutshaya icuba elinetha eliphantsi okanye elinenicotine ephantsi akunciphisi umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga.

Izifundo zibonisa nokuba umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga ngenxa yokutshaya icuba uyanda ngenani leecuba ezitshaywayo ngosuku kunye nenani leminyaka ezitshaywayo. Abantu abatshayayo banomngcipheko ophindwe kangangama-20 wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangatshayiyo.

2. Umsi osetyenziswa ngumntu omnye

Ukutshaya umsi wecuba elisetyenziswa ngumntu omnye kukwangunobangela womhlaza wemiphunga. Umsi wecuba elisetyenziswa ngumntu omnye ngumsi ovela kwicuba elivuthayo okanye kwenye imveliso yecuba, okanye okhutshwa ngabantu abatshayayo. Abantu abatsala umsi wecuba elisetyenziswa ngumntu omnye batsala nzima kwizinto ezifanayo nezibangela umhlaza njengabantu abatshayayo, nangona betsala kancinci. Ukutshaya umsi wecuba elisetyenziswa ngumntu omnye kuthiwa kukutshaya ngokunganyanzelekanga okanye ngokunganyanzelekanga.

3. Imbali yosapho

Ukuba nembali yomhlaza wemiphunga kwintsapho yinto ebangela umhlaza wemiphunga. Abantu abanesalamane esikhe saba nomhlaza wemiphunga banokuba namathuba aphindwe kabini okuba nomhlaza wemiphunga kunabantu abangenaso isalamane esikhe saba nomhlaza wemiphunga. Ngenxa yokuba ukutshaya icuba kudla ngokusasazeka kwiintsapho kwaye amalungu osapho achaphazeleka ngumsi otshayiweyo, kunzima ukwazi ukuba umngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza wemiphunga uvela kwimbali yosapho yomhlaza wemiphunga okanye ubangelwa kukuchatshazelwa ngumsi wecuba.

4. Usulelo lwe-HIV

Ukuba nentsholongwane ye-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), imbangela ye-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), kunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophezulu womhlaza wemiphunga. Abantu abane-HIV banokuba nomngcipheko ophindwe kabini womhlaza wemiphunga kunabo bangenwanga. Ekubeni amazinga okutshaya ephezulu kwabo bangenwanga yi-HIV kunabo bangenwanga, akucaci nokuba umngcipheko owandileyo womhlaza wemiphunga ubangelwa kusulelo lwe-HIV okanye kukuchanabeka kumsi wecuba.

5. Izinto ezibangela umngcipheko kwindalo esingqongileyo

• Ukuvezwa kwimitha: Ukuvezwa kwimitha kuyingozi enkulu yomhlaza wemiphunga. Ukukhanya kwebhombu yeathom, unyango lwemitha, uvavanyo lwemifanekiso, kunye neradon zizinto ezibangela ukuvezwa kwimitha:
• Imitha yebhombu yeathom: Ukuchanabeka kwimitha emva kokuqhuma kwebhombu yeathom kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga.
• Unyango ngemitha: Unyango ngemitha esifubeni lungasetyenziswa ukunyanga umhlaza othile, kuquka umhlaza webele kunye neHodgkin lymphoma. Unyango ngemitha lusebenzisa ii-x-ray, ii-gamma rays, okanye ezinye iintlobo zemitha ezinokunyusa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga. Okukhona idosi ephezulu yemitha efunyanwayo, kokukhona umngcipheko uphezulu. Umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga emva konyango ngemitha uphezulu kwizigulana ezitshayayo kunakwiingcali ezingatshayiyo.
• Uvavanyo lokufota: Uvavanyo lokufota, olufana ne-CT scans, lubeka izigulane kwimitha yelanga. Ii-CT scans ezijikelezayo ezinedosi ephantsi zibeka izigulane kwimitha yelanga encinci kune-CT scans ezinedosi ephezulu. Ekuhlolweni komhlaza wemiphunga, ukusetyenziswa kwee-CT scans ezijikelezayo ezinedosi ephantsi kunokunciphisa iziphumo eziyingozi zemitha yelanga.
• I-Radon: I-Radon yigesi ephuma kwi-radioactive evela ekuqhekekeni kwe-uranium ematyeni nasemhlabathini. Ingena emhlabeni, ize ivuze emoyeni okanye emanzini. I-Radon ingangena ezindlwini ngeentanda ezikumgangatho, eludongeni, okanye kwisiseko, kwaye amanqanaba e-radon anokwakheka ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Izifundo zibonisa ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu egesi yeradon ngaphakathi ekhayeni okanye kwindawo yokusebenza andisa inani lamatyala amatsha omhlaza wemiphunga kunye nenani lokufa okubangelwa ngumhlaza wemiphunga. Umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga uphezulu kubantu abatshayayo abachaphazeleka yiradon kunabo bangatshayiyo abachaphazeleka yiyo. Kubantu abangazange batshaye, malunga nama-26% okufa okubangelwa ngumhlaza wemiphunga kunxulunyaniswe nokuchaphazeleka yiradon.

6. Ukuvezwa emsebenzini

Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kwezi zinto zilandelayo kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga:

• I-Asbestos.
• I-Arsenic.
• I-Chromium.
• I-Nickel.
• IBeryllium.
• I-Cadmium.
• Itar kunye nomsi.

Ezi zinto zingabangela umhlaza wemiphunga kubantu abachaphazeleka zizo emsebenzini nabangazange batshaye. Njengoko izinga lokuchaphazeleka kwezi zinto lisanda, umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga nawo uyanda. Umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga uphezulu nangakumbi kubantu abachaphazeleka kwaye nabo batshayayo.

• Ungcoliseko lomoya: Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukuhlala kwiindawo ezinezinga eliphezulu longcoliseko lomoya kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga.

7. Izongezo zeBeta carotene kubantu abatshaya kakhulu

Ukusela izongezo ze-beta carotene (iipilisi) kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga, ingakumbi kubantu abatshayayo abatshaya ipakethi enye okanye ezingaphezulu ngemini. Umngcipheko uphezulu kubantu abatshayayo abasela ubuncinane isiselo esinxilisayo esinye yonke imihla.

Ezi zilandelayo zizinto ezikhusela umhlaza wemiphunga:

1. Ukungatshayi

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuthintela umhlaza wemiphunga kukungatshayi.

2. Ukuyeka ukutshaya

Abantu abatshayayo banokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga ngokuyeka. Kwabo batshayayo abaye banyangwa umhlaza wemiphunga, ukuyeka ukutshaya kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga omtsha. Ukunika iingcebiso, ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zokutshintshwa kwenicotine, kunye nonyango lokudakumba kuye kwabanceda abantu abatshayayo ukuba bayeke ngokupheleleyo.

Kumntu oyekile ukutshaya, ithuba lokuthintela umhlaza wemiphunga lixhomekeke ekubeni umntu utshaye iminyaka emingaphi kwaye ungakanani kunye nobude bexesha ukususela oko wayeka ukutshaya. Emva kokuba umntu eyekile ukutshaya iminyaka eli-10, umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga uyancipha ngama-30% ukuya kuma-60%.

Nangona umngcipheko wokufa ngenxa yomhlaza wemiphunga unokuncipha kakhulu ngokuyeka ukutshaya ixesha elide, umngcipheko awusoze ube mncinci njengomngcipheko wabantu abangatshayiyo. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba abantu abaselula bangaqalisi ukutshaya.

3. Ukuchanabeka okuncinci kwizinto ezinobungozi emsebenzini

Imithetho ekhusela abasebenzi ekubeni bachaphazeleke zizinto ezibangela umhlaza, ezifana ne-asbestos, i-arsenic, i-nickel, kunye ne-chromium, inokunceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga. Imithetho ethintela ukutshaya emsebenzini inceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga obangelwa ngumsi osetyenziswa ngabanye abantu.

4. Ukuvezwa okuncinci kwi-radon

Ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-radon kunokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga, ingakumbi kubantu abatshaya icuba. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-radon emakhaya anokuncitshiswa ngokuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela ukuvuza kwe-radon, njengokuvala amagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba.

Akucaci ukuba ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyawunciphisa na umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga:

1. Ukutya

Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba abantu abatya iziqhamo okanye imifuno eninzi banomngcipheko omncinci wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga kunabo batya umlinganiselo omncinci. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni abantu abatshayayo bedla ngokutya ukutya okunempilo okuncinci kunabo bangatshayiyo, kunzima ukwazi ukuba umngcipheko onciphileyo ubangelwa kukutya ukutya okunempilo okanye ukungatshayi.

2. Umsebenzi womzimba

Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba abantu abakhutheleyo emzimbeni banomngcipheko omncinci wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga kunabantu abangakhutheleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni abantu abatshayayo bedla ngokuba namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwenza umthambo kunabo bangatshayiyo, kunzima ukwazi ukuba ukwenza umthambo kuyawuchaphazela na umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wemiphunga.

Ezi zilandelayo azinciphisi umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga:

1. Izongezo zeBeta carotene kubantu abangatshayiyo

Izifundo zabantu abangatshayiyo zibonisa ukuba ukuthatha izongezo ze-beta carotene akunciphisi umngcipheko wabo womhlaza wemiphunga.

2. Izongezo zeVithamin E

Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukuthatha izongezo zevithamini E akuchaphazeli umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga.

Umthombo:http://www.chinancpcn.org.cn/cancerMedicineClassic/guideDetail?sId=CDR62825&type=1